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Continued from Part A
List of sections and plates
Section 1 - Tasman - 1642-43
Plate 1. Part of the
west coast of New Zealand, by Franchoys Jacobsen Visscher, 1643.
Plate 2. Part of the
west coast of New Zealand, anonymous, 1643.
Plate 3. Series of
South Island west coast views, attributed to Isaac Gilsemans, 1642.
Plate 4. Views of
Three Kings Islands, attributed to Isaacs Gilsemans, 1643.
Section 2 - Cook 1769-70 and 1773
Plate 5. New
Zealand, by James Cook and Isaac Smith, 1770.
Plate 6. Part of the
central-east coast of the North Island, by James Cook and Isaac Smith,
1769.
Plate 7. Tolaga Bay,
by James Cook and Isaac Smith, 1769. Plate 8. Coastal view: parts of
Tolaga Bay, by Herman Diedrich Sparing, 1769.
Plate 9. The arched
rock at Tolaga Bay, by Herman Diedrich Sparing, 1769.
Plate 10. North
Island east coast; Cavalli Islands to Waihou River entrance, by James
Cook, 1769.
Plate 11. North
Island east coast; Bay of Islands to Coromandel Peninsula, by Richard
Pickersgill, 1769.
Plate 12. Mercury
Bay, by Richard Pickersgill, 1769.
Plate 13. View of a
perforated rock fortified on the top, Mercury Bay, by Herman Diedrich
Spöring, 1769.
Plate 14. Cook
Strait by lames Cook and Isaac Smith, 1770.
Plate 15. Queen
Charlotte Sound, by lames Cook and Isaac Smith, 1770.
Plate 16. Part of
the lower South Island and Stewart Island, by Robert Molineux, 1770.
Plate 17. Dusky
Sound and Pickersgill Harbour, by lames Cook, 1773.
Plate 18. View of
Dusky Sound from the sea, by William Hodges, 1773.
Section 3 - De Surville 1769
Plate 19. Northern
New Zealand, attributed to Jean Francois Marie de Surville, 1769.
Plate 20. Doubtless
Bay, attributed to Jean Francois Marie de Surville, 1769.
Section 4 - Du Fresne 1772
Plate 21.
North-western part of Northland by M.-J. du Fresne, 1772.
Plate 22. Bay
of Islands, by Ambroise Bernard Marie Le Jar Du Clesmeur, 1772.
Plate 23. Parts of
the west, north and east coasts of the North Island, by Ambroise Bernard
Marie Le Jar Du Clesmeur, 1772.
Section 5 - Malaspina 1793
Plate 24. Doubtful
Sound, by Don Felipe Bauza, 1793.
Section 6 - D'Entrecasteaux 1793
Plate 25. Northern
coast of Aupouri Peninsula and Three Kings Islands, by Miroir de Jouvency,
1793.
Plate 26. Kermadec
Islands, by C.-F. Beautemps- Beaupre, 1793.
Section 7 - Waterhouse 1800
Plate 27. Antipodes
Islands, by Henry Waterhouse, 1800.
Section 8 - Wilson 1801
Plate 28. Hauraki
Gulf and Coromandel Peninsula, by William Wilson, 1801.
Section 9 - Smith 1804
Plate 29. Foveaux
Strait, by Owen Folgar Smith, 1804.
Section 10 - Bunker 1809
Plate 30. Parts of
southern New Zealand, by Eber Bunker, 1809.
Section 11 - Hasselberg 1810
Plate 31. Campbell
Island, by Frederick Hasselberg, 1810.
Section 12 - Murray 1813
Plate 32. Bluff
Harbour, by Robert Williams, 1813.
Section 13 -
Skinner 1820
Plate 33. North
Island east coast from Doubtless Bay to Cape Brett, by George Fairfowl,
1820.
Section 14 - Kent 1820-1824
Plate 34. Entrance
to Hokianga Harbour by J. R. Kent, 1820 or 1823.
Plate 35. View of
the land from Cape Palliser by J. R. Kent, 1824.
Plate 36. View of
the West Cape together with a view of Codfish Island, by 1. R. Kent, 1823.
Section 15 - Downie 1821
Plate 37. Hauraki
Gulf by James Downie, 1821.
Section 16 - Edwardson 1822-1823
Plate 38. Part of
southern New Zealand and Stewart Island by W. L. Edwardson, 1822-23.
Plate 39. Henrietta
Bay, Ruapuke Island, Foveaux Strait, by W. L. Edwardson, 1822.
Section 17 - Herd
1822 and 1826
Plate 40. Hokianga
Harbour, by James Herd, 1822. Plate 41. Otago Harbour, by James herd,
1826.
Section 18 -
Duperrey 1824
Plate 42. Bay
of Islands by de Blois, de Blosseville and Berard 1824
Section 19 Barnett 1826
Plate 43. Port
Nicholson by Thomas Barnett, 1826.
Section 20 - Dumont
d'Urville 1827 and 1840
Plate 44. Torrent
Bay, by P. E. Guilbert, 1827.
Plate 45. Cook
Strait by P. E. Guilbert, 1827.
Plate 46. Hauraki
Gulf by V. C. Lottin, 1827.
Plate 47. Northern
New Zealand, by Dumont d'Urville and V. C. Lottin, 1827.
Plate 48. Auckland
Islands, by C. A. Vincendon-Dumoulin.
Plate 49. Southern
New Zealand and islands east and south of New Zealand, by C. A.
Vincendon-Dumoulin, 1840.
Plate 50. Southeast
of the South island and eastern Stewart Island with an inset chart of the
Snares, by C. A. Vincendon-Dumoulin, 1840.
Section 21- Laplace
1831
Plate 51. Western
Bay ofIslands and the entrance to the Kawakawa River, by E.-F. Paris,
1831.
Section 22 - Royal
Navy surveys 1834-1840
Plate 52. Whangaroa
Harbour with an inset view of the harbour entrance, by Thomas Woore, 1834.
Plate 53. Port Hardy
D'Urville Island, by Thomas Woo re, 1834.
Plate 54. Mahurangi Harbour, by
E. A. Cudlip, 1834.
Plate 55. Tutukaka
Harbour and the Ngunguru River, by N. C. Phillips, 1837.
Plate 56. Pelorus
Sound and the entrance to the Pelorus River, by
David Craigie, 1837.
Plate 57. Port
underwood, Cloudy Bay, by Johnson and Read, 1837.
Plate 58. Waitemata
Harbour by Fisher, Bean and Bowen, 1840.
Plate 59. Waitemata
Harbour with an inset view, by Stanley and Hill, 1840.
Plate 60. Entrance
to Tairua Harbour, Slipper Island, and adjacent areas, by Thomas Bowen,
1840.
Plate 61. Akaroa
Harbour with an inset view of the entrance, by Stanley and Hill, 1840.
Plate 62. Pigeon
Bay, by Owen Stanley and J. S. Hill, 1840.
Section 23 - Wing
1835 -1837
Plate 63. Tauranga
Harbour with a coastal view, by Thomas Wing, 1835.
Plate 64. Manukau
Harbour with an inset view, by Thomas Wing, 1836.
Plate 65. Kawhia
Harbour entrance, by Thomas Wing, 1836.
Plate 66. Raglan
Harbour entrance, by Thomas Wing, 1836.
Plate 67. Ahuriri, Napier Harbour and part of the
central-east coast of the North Island by Thomas Wing, 1837.
Section 24 -
McDonnell 1836
Plate 68. Kaipara
Harbour with an inset view, by McDonnell, 1836.
Section 25 - Du
petit- Thouars 1838
Plate 69. Bay
of Islands with an inset view, by Dortet de Tessan,
1838.
Section 26 - Cecille
1838
Plate 70. Lyttelton
Harbour and Port Levy with two coastal profiles, by Foumier and de Durand-Dubraye,
1838.
Plate 71. Chatham
Islands, by Fournier and de Durand-Dubraye, 1838.
Section 27 -
Chaffers 1839
Plate 72. Tory
Channel, by E. M. Chaffers, 1839.
Section 28 -
McKenzie 1839
Plate 73. Cloudy
Bay, by Daniel McKenzie, 1839.
Section 29 - Stewart
- Heaphy - 1809-1841
Plate 74. Port
Pegasus, Stewart Island, by Charles Heaphy (1841)
after William
Stewart (1809).
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The Plates |
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Section 1 - Tasman 1642-1643 |
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Plate 1
Part of the west coast of New Zealand
Franchoijs Jacobszoon Visscher
1643 |
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Bound
in with the manuscript journal - Mitchell Library,
State
Library of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.
(Safe
1/72CY179). |
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Staeten lant beseijlt en (de) ondtekt anno 1642 den 13 Decembr met Het / Iacht heemskerck en (de) zeehaen, ende met groot vlijt seer naerstich / ontworpen door Franchoijs Jacobse Stierman. (Staten Land
sailed to and discovered Anno 1642 the 13 December with the pinnace Heemskerck and the Zeehaen, and with great diligence very carefully rendered by Franchois Jacobse pilot.)
Signed, undated manuscript chart; uncoloured; ink on paper; 455 x 350 mm. Bound in with the "Huydecoper" manuscript copy of Tasman's journal of the 1642-43 voyage. North is at the bottom. Projection: plane. Prime meridian: The longitude of the Peak of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, viz,
16º
39' W of Greenwich. Location: (bound in with the manuscript journal) Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW. (safe 1/72, CY179).
Remarks: The chart delineates part of the west coast of New Zealand
discovered by Abel Tasman's expedition in 1642‑43. It is probably the oldest representation of any part of New Zealand and is attributed to
F. J.
Visscher, the pilot, as he is named in the legend on the left of the chart. It seems likely, however, that this is a copy of an original work drawn by Visscher, now lost.
The chart is bound in with a manuscript journal known as the "Huydecoper" copy of Tasman's journal. This copy and another version, known as the SAJ (State Archives Journal) derive from the same manuscript journal kept on the Heemskerck. The chart bound in with the SAJ reproduced in the present page below as
Plate 2, probably had the same Visscher chart as its prototype.
The chart extends
in latitude from
approximately 34º S
to about 43º S and
across approximately
ten degrees of
longitude, from 186º
E to
196º
E. These are longitudes east of the Peak of Tenerife, and are numbered across the lower edge of the chart. Degrees of latitude are entered in a line along the right-hand side of the chart. With both latitude and longitude the 30' lines have been drawn in.
The degrees of latitude in both the Huydecoper and State Archives charts, while of varying length, appear for the most part to be
intended to be equal, while the degrees of longitude are diminished in length in relation to those of latitude, giving the impression that these charts are adaptations from a
Mercator chart by a person who did not understand fully the Mercator principle of increasing degrees of latitude.
The track of Tasman's ships is depicted in this chart by a dotted line and noon positions are given from 15 December 1642 to 6 January 1643.
The gap in the coastline in the area of Cook Strait is in accordance with the entry in Tasman's journal for 24 December 1642.
A comparison of names and other features in Visscher's chart and the SAJ chart (Plate 2) shows several differences.
Mount Karioi (2,480 metres), southwest of Raglan Harbour, is depicted as it is in the SAJ chart (Plate 2).
Bibliography: Heeres (1898); B. Hooker (1990); McCormick (1959); Meyjes (1919); Schilder (1976); Sharp (1968); Wieder (1942).
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Plate 2
Part of the west coast of New Zealand
Anonymous 1643
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Location: Bound
in with the
manuscript journal: Algemeen Rijksarchief,
The Hague (Aanwinsten, 1867 A III, nr. 129 A). |
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Staete Landt Dit is Beseijlt ende - / Ondeckt met de Scheepen Heemskerck ende Zeehaen onder het Commando Vanden E Abel
Tasman Inden Jaere 1642 / Dec 13 December. x. (Staete landt this was Sailed to and
Discovered with
the Ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen
under the Command of
the Hon Abel Tasman
In the year 1642 The
13 December.)
Unsigned, undated manuscript chart; ink and colour on paper; 455 x 350 mm. Bound in with the State Archives manuscript copy of Tasman's journal of the voyage of 1642‑43. North is at the bottom. Projection: Plane. Prime meridian: The longitude of the Peak of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, viz,
16º
39’ W of Greenwich. Location: (bound in with the manuscript journal) Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague (Aanwinsten, 1867 A III, nr. 129 A).
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Remarks:
The chart
reproduced above is bound in with a manuscript copy of Tasman's journal preserved in the State Archives at the Hague, the Netherlands. This copy of the journal, signed by Tasman, is known as the SAJ.
The chart, which
delineates part of
the west coast of
New Zealand is
displayed with north
at the bottom; it
extends in latitude
from approximately
34º to 43º S and
across ten degrees
of longitude, from
186º E to
approximately 196º E. Degrees of longitude based on a line passing over the Peak of
Tenerife, are inscribed in a row above the lower parallel of latitude. Degrees of latitude are entered in a line outside the right-hand edge of the chart.
Probably this chart derives from a prototype chart drawn by Visscher, in Mercator's projection, and the comments made in the review of Visscher's chart (Plate 1), also apply to this chart.
The thickness of the coastal line in the chart compared with Visscher's chart indicates that a less experienced draughtsman compiled this chart.
The track of the Heemskerck and the Zeehaen is shown as a dotted line. That the coastline in the Cook Strait area is continuous in this chart and shows a break in Visscher's chart is probably an indication that Tasman himself influenced the drawing of the original chart. Tasman preferred
closed coastlines when confronted by straits or bays which he could not investigate closely.
Two latitude figures and a longitude figure are given in this chart;
40.50 and 191.30 at “Mordenaers Baj” and 41.50 at "Clijpperije hoeck." These figures, which do not appear in any other manuscript charts may have been entered at a later date in the SAJ
chart. Compared with
present-day maps.
Tasman's coastlines
in this area are
about 2º 7' too far east.
Tasman's latitude figure at “Mordenaers Baj”
40º 50' S, places this bay about 5' too far south.
A comparison of names and other features in the SAJ chart and Visscher's chart (Plate 1) shows several differences.
Mount Karioi (2,480 metres), southwest of Raglan harbour, is depicted as it is in Visscher's chart (Plate 1).
Bibliography: Heeres (1898); B. Hooker (1990); McCormick (1959); Meyjes (1919); Schilder (1976); Sharp (1968), Wieder (1942).
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Plate 3
South Island west coast view
Isaac Gilsemans (attributed)
1642 |
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Location:
Bound in with the manuscript journal: Algemeen Rijksarchief,
The Hague (Aanwinsten, (1867 A III, nr. 129 A). |
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Aldus Verthoont het Vaste landt be Zuijden de clippijge hoeck Als ghij de Cust langhs Zeijlt ende Vertooningen Vande Clippige hoeck Die haer aldus Verthoonen als gijder onder cont zien. (Thus Appears the
Main land to South of the rocky point / When you Sail along the Coast and Views Of the Rocky point Which Appear thus as you can See below.)
Aldus verthoont Het State landt bij Zuijden de Clijppige hoeck als ghij de Cust langs Zeijlt en de de Verthooninge Van clippyge hoeck die haer aldus Verthoonen als ghij hier ondercont Zien. (Thus Appears the State landt to South of the Rocky point when / you Sail along the Coast and Views Of
rocky point
which Appear thus as you can See here below)
Unsiqned, undated manuscript drawings; ink and colour on paper 360 x 220 mm. Bound in with the State Archives manuscript copy of Tasman's Journal of the voyage of 1642-43.
Location: (bound in with the manuscript journal) Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague (Aanwinsten 1867 AlII, nr. 129A).
Remarks:
This view and other views in Tasman's Journal are copies of original works done on the voyage, now lost (see also Plate 4). The journal in which the sketches are bound is signed by Tasman.
It is reasonable to attribute some of the sketches to Isaac Gilsemans who sailed on the Zeehaen as supercargo. Gilsemans had been directed to sketch all the coasts which the expedition encountered. And it is known that he had some knowledge of drawing. Gilsemans was a number of the Breede Raad (large
council) of the expedition, of which Tasman was chairman.
The views here, are the earliest sketches known of any part of New Zealand. A further series of views are included on the facing page in the journal. These were sketched as Tasman's expedition proceeded north off the west coast of the South Island.
Tasman's expedition sighted the west coast of the South Island, in the Hokitika-Abut Head area, on 13 December 1642.
The drawings are of parts of the South Island between about Abut Head and Cape Farewell.
Identification of the areas in the drawings follows: These are views looking southeast toward the coastline from somewhere south of the present-day Hokitika area to Cape Foulwind.
The mountains shown behind the coastline include the Wakamarama Range, the highest point of which, is Mt Stevens (1213 metres).
Bibliography: Schilder (1976); Sharp (1968).
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Plate 4
Views of Three Kings Islands
Isaac Gilsemans (attributed)
1643 |
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Location:
Bound in with the manuscript journal:
Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague
(Aanwinsten, 1867 A III, nr. 129 A).
The
border is an addition by the editor. |
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[Upper:] Aldus Verthoont het drie Conigen Eijilant als ghij het Noord West 4 Mijlen Van u hebt. (Thus Appears the three Kings Island when you have it North West 4 Miles From you)
[Lower:] Aldus Verthoont hem t'drie Coningen Eljlandt als ghijder ande Noort West Zijnde op 40 vademen ten anckert legcht dit Eylandt hebben bij de naem / gegeven Van drie Coninghen Eijlandt op dat Wij
al daer op drie Coningen auont ten ancker gecomen Zijn ende op drie coningen dach Weder Van daen t Zeijlt
Zijn gegaen. (Thus Appears the three Kings Island when you Being to the North West lie at another in 40 Fathoms to this Island [we] have given the name of three Kings Island because we came to anchor there on three Kings eve and on three kings day Sailed Again From it.)
Unsigned, undated,
manuscript work; ink
and some colour on
paper; extends over
a double-page,
approx. 355 x 440
mm. Bound in with
the State Archives
copy of Abel
Tasman's journal.
Location: (bound in
with the manuscript
journal). Algemeen
Rijksarchief, The
Hague (Aanwinsten
1867 A III, nr.
129A)
Remarks:
Abel Janszoon
Tasman, discoverer
of part of the
western littoral of
New Zealand, reached
the northernmost
point of the west
coast on 4 January
1643. The same day,
Tasman sighted Three
Kings Islands.
A comparison of
the views shown here
with a modern chart
of the Three Kings
area and reference
to the ships' track
in the SAJ
manuscript chart
(see Plate 2),
indicates that the
upper view was
sketched as the
Heemskerck
approached the
islands before
steering west to
anchor in North West
Bay.
Probably the upper
view includes West
Island, Princes
Islands, South West
Island, Great Island
(Mana Tawhi), Farmer
Rocks, North East
Island and other
unnamed islets.
The lower view was
sketched either on 5
or 6 January 1643
while the
Heemskerck
was anchored off
North West Bay,
Great Island. This
view, too, seems to
include all of the
islands mentioned
above, if it is
accepted that the
islands in the
foreground have been
brought forward from
the right-hand side
of the sketch,
possibly by the
copyist.
The large figures
with clubs are
referred to in
Tasman’s Journal of
tall stature and
people who made
"mighty large great
steps."
(fn.1. Andrew Sharp
The voyages of
Abel Janszoon
Tasman. Oxford,
1968, p. 144.)
These views or
variants of them are
to be found as
engravings in a
number of early
published works.
Bibliography:
B. Hooker (2002b);
Sharp (1968).
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Section 2: Cook 1769-1770 and 1773
Plate 5
Chart of New Zealand
James Cook/Isaac Smith
1770
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The
British Library, Department of Manuscripts, London
(Add.
MS 7085, f. 16). |
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A CHART / OF /
NEWZELAND / OR THE
ISLANDS OF /
AEHEINOMOUWE AND
TOVYPOENAMMU / LYING
IN THE / SOUTH SEA /
BY LIEUT J. COOK
COMMANDER OF HIS
MAJESTYS BARK THE
ENDEAVOUR /
CIRCUMNAVIGATED / BY
THE SAID BARK IN THE
LATTER END OF 1769
AND THE BEGINNING OF
1770. / NOTE, the
Prick'd Line shews
the track of the
Ship
Ink and wash;
manuscript chart on
paper; 1828 x 1237
mm. dissected and
linen backed.
Mercator's
projection. Prime
meridian: Based on a
line passing over
Greenwich.
Location: The
British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add. MS 7085, f.
16)
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Remarks:
The chart reproduced with these remarks is compounded from five sectional charts of New Zealand also drawn on the same scale. Although it is correct to credit James Cook (1728‑79) with the chart's authorship, the draughtsman was Isaac Smith (1752-1831), who sailed with Cook on the
Endeavour.
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There can be little doubt that Smith drew the majority of the fair charts resulting from the surveys carried out by Cook during the
Endeavour's voyage.
This chart or a work closely related to it served as the prototype when J. Bayly engraved the copper plate for printing the chart dated 1 January 1772, published with the official Admiralty account of Cook's first Pacific voyage. This well known chart became the forerunner of a long line of official general charts of New Zealand.
In the chart, latitudes are reasonably accurate, but longitudes include a number of errors. Cook was without a chronometer on his first voyage and calculated longitude by the method of lunar distances. In general, the country is placed too far to the east, by varying amounts, with the largest error of 56' occurring at the northern part of the South Island.
The best summary of the errors is given by Cook himself in his 1772-1775
Resolution journal where he acknowledges that the whole of New Zealand is laid down too far east.
The track of the
Endeavour is depicted in the chart and the figures beside the track represent the depth of water in fathoms.
The only major errors are the delineation of Banks Peninsula as an island and of Stewart Island as a peninsula.
Insufficient time and adverse weather conditions prevented Cook from closely examining all parts of the coastline. Cook's main contribution was that he produced charts, including the work reproduced here, which delineate the broad outline of the country; more detailed surveys he was to leave for later navigators.
A major feat was the discovery of Cook Strait.
Cook did not find a name in use for the whole country but he recorded in his charts and journals the names: EAHEINOMAUWE (te Ika a Maui – North Island) and TAVAI POENAMMO (te Wai Pounamu – South Island).
Bibliography: Beaglehole (1968); David (1988); B. Hooker (2001). |
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Plate 6
Part of the central-east coast of the North Island
James Cook / Isaac Smith
1769 |
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Location: British Library, Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add. MS 7085.f.18). |
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A CHART OF PART OF
THE EAST COAST OF
NEW ZELAND //
approx. 1: 340,000
in 39º S (1º of
longitude = 10 in.)
Unsigned, undated,
uncoloured,
manuscript chart;
ink and wash on
paper; 443 x 708 mm.
North is to the
right; Mercator's
projection;
Prime meridian:
Based on a line
passing over
Greenwich. Location:
British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add. MS 7085.f.18).
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Remarks:
The Endeavour
came in sight of New
Zealand in the
vicinity of Poverty
Bay early in the
afternoon on 7
October 1769.
James Cook's chart
reproduced here,
includes the
Endeavour's
track from 6 October
to 2 November 1769.
Although this chart
was almost certainly
re-drafted by Isaac
Smith, it is
appropriate to refer
to it as Cook's
chart. Cook, Banks,
Solander and others,
first landed in New
Zealand while the
Endeavour
remained at anchor
in the northeast
part of Poverty Bay.
This initial
anchorage is marked
in the chart.
The figures beside
the ship's track
represent the depth
of water in fathoms.
The chart does not
include the section
of coast which
depicts Cape Turnagain, but the
Endeavour's
northward track
which commenced off
Cape Turnagain, can
be picked up at the
bottom edge of the
chart, west of the
182nd meridian (this
meridian displays
the fleur-de-lis -
indicating north).
In the
chart, the
meridian of 181º
15' W crosses Tolaga
Bay. Since the
meridian of 178º 20'
E
(181º 40' W), passes
over To1aga Bay in
modern charts,
Cook's reckoning
places the east
coast, in this
chart, 25' too far
east.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
David (1988) B.
Hooker (2001.
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-oOOOo- Plate 7
Tolaga Bay
James Cook/Isaac Smith
1769 |
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The
British Library, Department of Manuscripts,
London (Add
MS 7085, f.20). |
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A PLAN of TOLAGA
BAY / in / NEW
ZELAND / Latitude 38o
22' S. A S[c]ale of
One Mile [1: 36,480]
[scale]
Unsigned,
uncoloured,
undated
manuscript
plan; ink and
wash on paper,
219 x 309 mm. North
is to the right.
Location: The
British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add MS 7085, f.20).
Remarks:
This manuscript work
served as the
prototype for the
Tolaga Bay section,
when a copper plate
was engraved in
1773, and a set of
plans was printed
for binding in with
John Hawkesworth's
official account of
Cook's first Pacific
voyage.
The plan is
reproduced with
north to the right.
Cook stayed nearly
a week, in October
1769, at Tolaga Bay
which was known to
eighteenth century
Maori as "Uawa."
On 24 October
1769, at Cook's
Cove, Cook and
Charles Green, the
astronomer, took
several observations
of the Sun and Moon
and reckoned the
mean result as 180º
47' West longitude
from the Meridian of
Greenwich. Cook
found this result
unsatisfactory as
part of the entry in
his Journal for the
same day reads:
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… but as all the obserns made before exceeded these I have laid down this coast agreeable to the mean of the whole. (fn. 2. J. C. Beaglehole, ed., The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery 1 The voyage of the "Endeavour" 1768-1771, 2d ed., Hakluyt Society Publications, extra ser. vol. 34, London, 1968, p.) |
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We noticed when
examining Cook's
chart of a section
of the central-east
coast that Tolaga
Bay is placed 25'
too far east (see
Plate 6); in the
chart opposite the
discrepancy is 53'
too far east. The
reckoning
of latitude, 38º 22'
S, is quite
accurate.
The "Natural
Arch", the subject
of several drawings
and subsequent
engravings, is
clearly marked in
the plan (see
Plate 9). Slightly
to the left, is the
legend "Watering
Place;" this is the
area now known as
Cook's Cove.
The figures shown in
the plan represent
water depth in
fathoms.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
David (1988).
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-oOOOo- Plate 8
Coastal view: parts of Tolaga Bay
Herman Diedrich Spöring
1769 |
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Location: The British Library, Department
of Manuscripts,
London (Add. MS 15507, f 27b No. 56). |
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Unsigned,
uncoloured,
undated
sketch,
pencil on
paper;
130 x
375 mm.
Location: The
British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add. MS 15507,
f 27b No. 56).
Remarks:
Herman Deitrich
Spöring (c.
1733-71), the author
of this fine drawing
was born in Åbo,
then a part of
Sweden, about 1733,
and as a young man
went to study
medicine under his
father, who held the
chair of medicine at
the University. He
came to London in
about 1755 and
worked as a
watchmaker before
being employed by
Daniel Carl
Solander
the noted botanist
as a clerk in the
British Museum. He
was then engaged by
Joseph Banks to act
as secretary on the
Endeavour's
voyage.
He transcribed
Solander's notes on
the flora they
collected, as well
as drawing a large
number of coastal
profiles. During the
voyage Cook used
Spöring's talents to
repair various
defects in the
ship's instruments,
and in Otaheiti he
restored the
astronomical
quadrant after it
had been stolen and
damaged. In New
Zealand he produced
about thirty-five
coastal views (See
Plates 9 and 13 for
additional
illustrations).
Like many others
Spöring fell
seriously ill with
malaria at Batavia
and died on the
voyage to the Cape.
He was buried at sea
on 24 January 1771.
Charles and Neil
Begg describe
Spöring as: "a
draughtsman of great
ability. Whenever
the Endeavour
anchored he seems to
have made a pencil
sketch of the
surrounding country
from the deck of the
ship..."
(fn.3. A. Charles
Begg & Neil C. Begg
James Cook and
New Zealand, A.
R. Shearer, Govt.
Printer, Wellington,
1969, p. 25.)
It is easier to
understand details
of this view if it
is examined in
conjunction with
Cook's Tolaga Bay
plan (Plate 7).
In the sketch "Sporing's
islands" represents
present‑day Pourewa
Island and
"Watering-place" is
modern Cook's Cove.
In his journal, Cook
provides the
following
description of "Sporing's
islands" and the
entrance to
"Watering-place":
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Off the South point lies a small, but high Island so near to the main as not to be distinguished from it, close to the north end of this Island at the entrance into the Bay are two high rocks, the one is high and round like a corn stack but the other is long with holes thro' it like the arches of a bridge. Within these rocks is the Cove where we cut wood and fill'd our water: off the north point of the Bay is a pretty high rocky Island and about a mile without it are some rocks and breakers. (fn. 4. Beaglehole, op cit. p.) |
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The legends were
probably added at a
later date by
another hand.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
David (1988)
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-oOOOo- Plate 9
The Arched Rock at Tolaga Bay
Herman Diedrich Spöring
1769 |
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British Library, Department of Manuscripts,
London:
(BL 23929/f39/143). |
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The Arched
Rock Tolaga
Bay
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Unsigned, undated
[October 1769]
pencil drawing on
paper; 275 x 420 mm.
Location: British
Library, Department
of Manuscripts,
23929/f39/143). The
location of the
arched rock is noted
in Cook's plan of
Tolaga Bay (see
Plate 7).
Remarks:
Spöring's drawing
was copied by
several artists
including James
Cook. Sydney
Parkinson (1745-71)
also prepared a
drawing of the
arched rock. Both
Parkinson's and
Spöring's drawings
served as basic
models when various
engravers prepared
copper plates and
prints were produced
usually for binding
in with accounts of
Cook's voyage. In
some printed
examples there is
confusion between
this drawing and
Spöring's drawing at
Mercury Bay (see
Plate 13). A coastal
view by Spöring of
parts of Tolaga Bay
is reproduced as
Plate 8.
NB.
The remarks
accompanying Plate 8
include a brief
biographical note on
Spöring.
Bibliography:
Begg and Begg (1969)
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-oOOOo- Plate 10
North Island east coast; Cavalli Islands to Waihou River entrance
James Cook
1769 |
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Location: The British Library, Department
of
Manuscripts, London
(Add MS
11803.H) |
Plate 10 James Cook
North Island east coast; Cavalli Islands to Waihou River entrance
1769 |
(Untitled) Drawn
November-December
1769.
Unsigned, undated,
manuscript chart;
ink with pencil
guide lines, on
paper; Inscribed in
pencil in an unknown
hand "New Zealand"
outside the border.
1º of longitude = 10
in (approximately
1:355,000 in 36º S);
438 x 690 mm.
Mercator's
projection. Prime
meridian: Based on a
line passing over
Greenwich.
Remarks:
The chart reproduced
above is a rare
example of a New
Zealand sketch done
by Cook. A redrawn
version by Isaac
Smith provides the
title “A CHART OF
PART OF THE NORTH
COAST OF NEW ZELAND.”
The track of the
Endeavour is
shown and the
figures represent
water depth in
fathoms.
On 18 November
1769, the
Endeavour was in
a position near Cape
Colville and Cook
observed land
southwest from him
but he was unable to
determine whether it
was the mainland or
islands. On 19
November, the
Endeavour
continued on a
southerly course in
the Hauraki Gulf and
after entering and
spending some days
in the Waihou River
at the head of the
Firth of Thames,
Cook came north
again.
On 23 November the
Endeavour was
off the east coast
of Ponui Island. The
chart shows clear
indication of Ponui
and Waiheke Islands
named by Cook, with
other islands,“West
Isles.”Cook also
most likely sighted
parts of Rakino,
Rangitoto, Pakihi,
Rotoroa, Pakatoa and
Tarahiki; segments
of these islands are
probably delineated
in the chart. Cook
did not detect any
openings west but
bad weather and lack
of time prevented
detailed
investigations.
In fact Cook
guessed that
harbours existed
behind the "West
Isles" – but the
first entry into the
Waitemata Harbour
had to wait another
fifty-one years; for
J. R. Kent.
Sections of
coastline shown
south of“Point
Rodney” most likely
include parts of
Tawharanui
Peninsula, Mahurangi
Peninsula, Kawau
Island and
Whangaparaoa
Peninsula.
Cook continued to
follow the coast
northward and
anchored the
Endeavour in Bream
Bay on 25 November.
The anchorage was
near the mouth of
the Waipu River.
On 29 November
Cook entered the Bay
of Islands and
anchored the
Endeavour under
the southern side of
Motuarohia. In the
chart, the
Endeavour's
anchorage, south of
Motuarohia, is
depicted and the
island northeast of Motuarohia
represents Moturua
where Cook and a
party landed to
obtain water. While
at the Bay of
Islands Cook carried
out a limited
survey.
Cook's reckoning
of latitude in the
chart is quite
accurate but his
calculations of
longitude place
coastlines from
about 15' to 19' too
far east.
Not all the names
provided by Cook
survived.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
David (1988);
B. Hooker (2000b).
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-oOOOo- Plate 11
North Island east coast; Coromandel Peninsula to the Bay of Islands
Richard Pickersgill
1769 |
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Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (552/3 on 3A)
Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. |
Plate 11 Richard Pickersgill North Island east coast; Coromandel Peninsula to the Bay of Islands
1769 |
A CHART of PART of
the SO* / CONTINENT
between δ [Mercury]
Bay and the BAY of
ISLANDS discover’d /
1769 BY / HIS MAJS.
BARK ENDEAVOUR / BY
Rd Pickersgill. /
*NB this country was
after making
this
chart found to be an
island. // Also
inscribed in ink "…
our with
very Large
Timber Trees" and
"River Thames or Wouragge up this
river runs a very
Rapped Tide" "Some
Dangerous …
situation could not
be Determined" and
"Sunken Rock where
we struck the Whale"
// 1:291,840 (1º of
latitude = 15 in.)
Signed, undated
manuscript chart;
ink and wash on
paper 825 x 812 mm.
Location:
Hydrographic Office,
Taunton, Somerset
(552/3 on 3A)
Remarks:
Richard Pickersgill
(1749-79), the
author of this chart
had previously
sailed to the
Pacific with Samuel
Wallis in the
Dolphin and
returned to England
only a few days
before Cook took
charge of the
Endeavour in May
1768. He was to be
appointed master
later in Cook's
first voyage and
would return with
Cook to New Zealand
as a lieutenant on
the Resolution
during the second
voyage.
Reproduced with
north at the bottom,
Pickersgill's chart
is one of the
more interesting of
the surviving charts
from Cook's first
voyage. The chart
was completed while
the Endeavour
was off the east
coast of New Zealand
in late 1769.
There are several
interesting legends
in this chart. A
table of
longitudes and
magnetic variation
for different places
is inscribed in ink.
There is an
absence of
acknowledgement by
Pickersgill of the
name New Zealand;
the island concept
was an unproven idea
while the
Endeavour
proceeded north
along the east coast
of the North Island.
The note about
finding the country
to be an island was
added later
but when Pickersgill made the
chart he believed
that the land was
part of the southern
continent which
geographers had
speculated about for
nearly two thousand
years.
The name “Great
South Sea” is Vasco
Nuñes de Balboa's
term. When,
in 1513, on the
Isthmus of Darien,
he became the first
European to sight
the Pacific Ocean,
he was looking
south, into the Gulf
of Panama.
Confirmation that
fish were plentiful
in New Zealand
waters at the time
of Cook's visit, is
provided by the
following remark in
Pickersgill's chart:
“good fishing
Ground. ”On
anchoring on 25
November 1769 the
crew of the
Endeavour caught
between ninety and
one hundred snapper.
Pickersgill's plan
of Mercury Bay is
reproduced as Plate
12.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
David (1988).[12]
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-oOOOo- Plate 12
Mercury Bay
Richard Pickersgill
1769 |
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Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton,
Somerset (552/5 on Xx). |
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A PLAN of PORT and
RIVER / MERCURY, /
call'd by the
NATIVES,
APURAGGE // (A scale
of one mile [ =
3 in] 1:24,320)
Signed, undated,
uncoloured
manuscript plan; ink
and wash on paper;
518 x 744 mm. North
is at the bottom.
Location:
Hydrographic Office,
Taunton, Somerset
(552/5 on Xx).
Remarks:
James Cook sailed
the Endeavour
into Mercury Bay on
4 November
1769
to carry out the
first detailed
survey of a New
Zealand harbour. His
reasons
for entering the bay
were his hope of
discovering a good
harbour and his
desire to be in a
convenient place to
observe the transit
of Mercury on 9
November.
Both Cook and
Pickersgill sketched
plans of Mercury Bay
in 1769 but
Pickersgill's
manuscript work,
reproduced here,
with north at the
bottom, is the more
interesting work.
Pickersgill's plan
reproduced above
includes the
following references
which explain the
letters located in
various parts of the
sketch:
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a,a,a, Small Rivers of Fresh Water
B.B Indian Fortifyde Townes
C Outer Bay
D Inner Bay
E Oyster Banks
F a Salt Water River
G Place where the Observations of the Transit of Mercury
was Observd Latitude 36: 19 SO
H NO Point of the Bay
I, I Low Islds coverd with Trees like mangroves
K a Rock like a Pillar with a small one on each Side
L. L Sholes Dry at Low water
M a high Double Peak'd Mountain |
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In an entry in his
journal, Cook
provides the
following latitude
and longitude
figures for Mercury
Bay: 184º 4' W 36º
47' S. Since the
meridian of
175º 45' E (184º 15'
W) passes over
Mercury Bay in
modern charts,
Cook's reckoning
places the area
about 11' too far
east.
The observation
point was on the
eastern end of
Cook's Beach, about
two-hundred and
seventy metres from
the western bank of
the
Purangi River.
The exact area is
identified by A.
Charles Begg and
Neil C. Begg in an
illustration
in their book,
James
Cook and New
Zealand.
A plaque erected
above the beach,
near the area of the
observation point
commemorates the
events at Mercury
Bay in November
1769.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
Begg and Begg (1969);
David (1988).
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-oOOOo- Plate 13
View of a perforated rock fortified on the top, Mercury Bay
Herman Diedrich Spöring
1769 |
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Location: British Library, London
(Add MS 23920f 40 /
19289). |
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"A perforated Rock fortified on the top". |
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§
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Remarks:
Part of an entry
in James Cook's
Endeavour
journal for
4 November 1769
reads:
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I observed on a high po[i]nt a fortified Village but I could only see parts of the woorks, ... [fn. 5. Beaglehole, op cit. p.] |
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Spöring's drawing
was copied by
several artists
including James
Cook.
It also served as
the basic model when
various engravers
prepared
copper plates and
prints were produced
usually for binding
in with an account
of Cook's voyage. In
some examples there
is confusion between
this drawing and Spöring's drawing at
Tolaga Bay. (See
Plate 9).
NB.
The remarks
accompanying Plate 8
include a brief
biographical
note on Spöring.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
Begg and Begg
(1969); David
(1988).
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-oOOOo- Plate 14
Cook Strait
James Cook/Isaac Smith
1770 |
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The
British Library, Department of Manuscripts,
London.
(Add.
MS 7085. f. 30). |
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A CHART of COOKS
STRAIGHTS / in / NEW
ZELAND // approx. 1:
330,000 in 41º S (1O
of longitude = 10
in.)
Unsigned, undated,
uncoloured,
manuscript chart;
ink and wash on
paper; 473 x 675 mm.
Mercator's
projection; Prime
meridian: Based on
a line passing over
Greenwich. Location:
The British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add. MS 7085. f.
30).
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Remarks:
James Cook became
the first European
navigator, in
February 1770, to
traverse the
strait that now
bears his name.
He had earlier
sighted the eastern
sea from a hill
while the
Endeavour was at
Ship Cove (see
Plate 15).
Cook crossed the
strait from west to
east but he almost
certainly searched
for the eastern
entrance soon after
sighting New
Zealand; evidence
reviewed in the next
paragraph suggests
this.
On 17 October
1769, the
Endeavour
reached 40º 34' S
and Cook viewed the
coast south to about
Castlepoint, in 40º
55'. This is further
south than the
40º 50' S reference
which Cook knew
about for Tasman's
anchorage, in 1642,
in Golden Bay (see
Plates1 and 2).
Cook, Banks and
others on the
Endeavour also knew
about Tasman's
suggestion that a
passage might exist.
When Cook set the
southern limit of
40º S or 41º S,
after leaving
Poverty Bay, he
possibly had in mind
a search for the gap
from the east, but
on 17 October, he
turned north without
providing a hint
about a problem in
his journal. A
journal entry for 17
October reads (in
part):
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... the ridge of Mountains before mentioned extends to the Southward farther than we could see and are everywhere chequer'd with snow. (fn. 6. Beaglehole, op cit. p.) |
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The chart
reproduced to
accompany these
notes (click on the
thumbnail), served
as the prototype
when John Ryland
engraved a copper
plate in 1773.
Charts were printed
for inserting in
John Hawkesworth's
account of Cook's
first Pacific
voyage.
Some names and
other details shown
in the manuscript
are omitted in the
printed work.
There is no entry
in Cook's journal
that explains the
circumstances
surrounding the
naming of Cook
Strait but probably
the name was imposed
on the modest Cook
by his officers.
During his first
voyage, Cook
suspected that two
bays existed between
Cape Terawhiti and
Cape Palliser, and
on his second voyage
he sighted the
harbour now known as
Port Nicholson.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
B. Hooker (2001).
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-oOOOo- Plate 15
Queen Charlotte Sound
James Cook / Isaac Smith
1770 |
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Location:
The British Library, Department of Manuscripts,
London
(Add
MS 7085, f. 29) |
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A PLAN / of / QUEEN
CHARLOTTES SOUND /
in / NEW ZELAND //
1: 72,960 (3 miles
= 3 in.)
Unsigned undated
manuscript plan;
uncoloured; ink and
wash on paper;
382 x 584 mm.
Location: The
British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add MS 7085, f. 29
Remarks:
James Cook, in
command of the
Endeavour,
anchored in Ship
Cove, Queen
Charlotte Sound, on
16 January 1770; he
remained until 6
February, during
which time the ship
was careened.
It was while the
Endeavour was at
Ship Cove, that
Cook, during an
exploring
expedition, climbed
a peak of Kaitapeha
and sighted the
eastern ocean. Later
in February, he
traversed the strait
which now bears his
name.
A glance at a
modern chart of the
Queen Charlotte
Sound area reveals
that most of the
names given by Cook
have been retained.
Some of these names,
which can be seen in
the plan reproduced
above, include:
Ships Cove, Cannibal
Cove, Long Island,
White Rocks, Point
Jackson, The Two
Brothers. The only
Maori name recorded
by Cook
was "Cape Koamaroo" (Cape
Koamaru).
In a journal
entry, Cook provides
the following
latitude and
longitude figures
for the entrance to
Queen Charlotte
Sound: 41º S and
184º
45' W. Cook's
latitude reckoning
is about 5' too far
south but his
longitude figure is
considerably in
error; thus
coastlines are laid
down about one
degree too far east.
In present-day
charts the meridian
of 174º 15' E
(185º 45' W), passes
over the entrance to
Queen Charlotte
Sound.
During Cook's second
voyage, William
Wales and William
Bayly, two
astronomers
accompanying the
expedition, carried
out fresh longitude
calculations at
Queen Charlotte
Sound. On this
voyage, Cook carried
a copy of John
Harrison's marine
timekeeper. In an
entry in his journal
kept on the
Resolution, after
reviewing various
aspects of the
longitude problem in
the area, Cook
remarks:
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... it should seem that the whole of New Zealand is laid down too far East ... [fn. 7. J. C. Beaglehole (ed.) The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery 2 The voyage of the "Resolution" and "Adventure" 1772-1775, Hakluyt Society Publications, extra ser. vol. 35, London, 1959, p.- [i.e. in his original chart: see Plate 5.]) |
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The error was copied
by chart publishers
and it persisted in
printed charts well
into the nineteenth
century.
Although Cook
deserves to be known
as the author of the
plan opposite, it is
no doubt a re-drawn
version by Isaac
Smith.
In the plan,
figures represent
water depth in
fathoms.
A plan of Queen
Charlotte Sound
prepared by Richard
Pickersgill, also in
1770, is preserved
in the Hydrographic
Office, Taunton,
Somerset.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
David (1988).
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-oOOOo- Plate 16
Part of the lower South Island and Stewart Island
Robert Molineux
1770 |
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Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. (458 on 69). |
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(Detail from an
untitled chart) //
[1: 864 000 1 in to
12 nautical miles]
Unsiqned, undated
manuscript chart;
pencil with pen and
wash on paper;
242 x 430 mm.
(section size).
Location:
Hydrographic Office,
Taunton, Somerset
(458 on 69).
Remarks:
Master on the
Endeavour during
Cook's first Pacific
voyage, 176871,
Robert Molineux
(1746-71), died at
Table Bay on the
return voyage to
England. Molineux
had previously
sailed to the
Pacific with Samuel
Wallis on the
Dolphin as a
master's mate.
Unsure about a
strait, in March
1770, Cook did not
have time to fully
investigate but most
of his officers
thought a strait
existed.
The detail of
Molineux's chart
reproduced above,
with north to the
bottom, includes the
Endeavour's
track.
The figures
indicate the water
depth in fathoms.
The chart does not
show dotted lines
joining Stewart
Island with the
South Island as in
Cook's chart (see
Plate 5). But the
broken shading of
parts of the
coastlines, and the
names South East
Bay, and South West
Bay, indicate that
Molineux was also
unsure about a
strait.
There were a
number of problems
surrounding the
question of the
insularity of
Stewart Island as
the Endeavour
proceeded through
southern waters in
March 1770.
Given time, Cook
would have
discovered the
strait but it was
left for
O. F.
Smith, an
American, to
make the first
traverse of the
strait,
in 1804 (see
Plate 29).
On 6 March 1770,
Cook sailed to
within about ten
miles of the shore
and saw Waikawa
Harbour which he
named Molineux Bay
after his master.
Some confusion
exists over Molineux
Bay today as it is
sometimes referred
to
as the entrance of
the Clutha River.
Waikawa Harbour is
delineated but
un-named in the
chart opposite.
NB.
The present-day
spelling of the
river is Molyneux
River.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
Begg and Begg
(1969); David
(1988).
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-oOOOo- Plate 17
Dusky Sound and Pickersgill Harbour
James Cook / Isaac Smith
1773 |
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The
British Library, Department of Manuscripts,
London
(Add.
MS 31360 No. 56). |
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DUSKY BAY / in / NEW
ZELAND, 1773 [with
an inset plan:]
PICKERSGILL HARBOUR
Unsigned, dated,
uncoloured plan. Pen
and ink on paper;
320 x 445 mm.
Location: The
British Library,
Department of
Manuscripts, London
(Add. MS 31360 No.
56).
Remarks:
During his second
Pacific voyage,
1772-75, James Cook
approached New
Zealand from the
west in HMS
Resolution, and
reached Dusky Sound
on 26 March 1773.
The name "Dusky
Bay" had been given
during Cook's first
visit because he
entered the Sound at
dusk on 14 March
1770. "Five Fingers
Point" was also
named by Cook on his
first voyage.
Many of the names
given by Cook appear
in present-day
charts, some with
minor variations.
This plan served
as the model when a
copper plate was
engraved in 1777 and
charts printed for
binding in with the
published account of
Cook's second
voyage.
Cook's inset plan
of Pickersgill
Harbour was also
included as part of
an Admiralty chart
(No. 1281),
published
sixty-seven years
later, in 1840.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
Begg and Begg
(1966); David
(1992).
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-oOOOo- Plate 18
View of Dusky Sound from the sea
William Hodges
1773 |
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The
Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales,
Sydney, N.S.W.
(ZPXDll/f.32).Courtesy
State Library of New South Wales |
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(Untitled)
Unsigned, undated
watercolour drawing,
colour on paper
382 x 543 mm.
Location: The
Mitchell Library,
State Library of New
South Wales, Sydney,
N.S.W. (ZPXDll/f.32)
Remarks:
Herman Spöring,
Sydney Parkinson and
others produced
sepia and pencil
drawings during
James Cook's
circumnavigation of
New Zealand in
1769-70 (see
for example Plates
8, 9, and 13.) It
was the classically
trained landscape
artist William
Hodges R.A.
(1744-97) on Cook's
second Pacific
voyage, 1772-75,
whose watercolours
mark the first
reaction to the
character of the New
Zealand landscape.
Hodges had been
appointed to the
position of official
artist on the
recommendation of
Lord Palmerston.
Hodges executed this
watercolour drawing
from HMS Resolution
in Dusky Sound on 26
March 1773.Hodges had been
appointed to the
position of official
artist on the
recommendation of
Lord Palmerston.
Hodges executed this
watercolour drawing
from HMS Resolution
in Dusky Sound on 26
March 1773.
An admirer of
Hodges' work, Cook
made the following
comment on Hodges'
Dusky Sound
sketches, in an
entry in his
journal:
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Mr Hodges has drawn a very accurate view both of the North and South entrance as well as several other parts of the Bay and in them hath delineated the face of the Country with such judgement as will at once convey a better Idea of it than can be express'd by words ... (fn. 8. J. C. Beaglehole (ed.) The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery 2 The voyage of the "Resolution" and "Adventure" 1772-1775, Hakluyt Society Publications, extra ser. vol. 35, London, 1959, p.) |
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After the return of
the expedition to
England, Hodges was
employed at the
Admiralty in London,
preparing drawings
for engraving, and
completing oil
paintings from
preliminary sketches
made during the
voyage. In 1776-77.
Hodges exhibited
paintings of the
Pacific at the Royal
Academy.
The official
account of Cook's
second voyage; A
voyage towards the
South pole and round
the world, published
in 1777, is
illustrated with a
number of pictures
of New Zealand by
Hodges.
Bibliography:
Beaglehole (1968);
Begg and Begg
(1969); Tomory
(1964).
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Section 3 - De Surville 1769 |
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Plate 19
Northern New Zealand
Jean François Marie de Surville (Attributed)
1769 |
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Location:
Archives Nationales, Paris
(Marine 6JJ. 39.98).
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CARTE / DE LA
NOUVELLE ZELANDE /
Depuis les 35.
degrés 54' Sud de
latitude, jus qu’au
Cap du NO. de /
Tasman, et de là a
la Baye de Lauriston
/ découverte par le
/ Vaisseau le St.
Jean Baptiste,
commandé par M De
Surville / Chevalier
de St Louis,
Capitaine des
Vaisseaux de la
Compagnie des /
Indes, qui ya
mouillé le 18 x bre
1769 au Soir. Chart of New Zealand from 35º
54' latitude South
to Tasmans NW Cape,
and from there to
Lauriston Bay
discovered by the
vessel Le St Jean
Baptiste commanded
by Mr de Surville,
Knight (of the Royal
and Military Order
of St Louis), and
Captain of the
Indies Company,
which moored there
in the evening of 18
Dec. 1769.
Undated, manuscript
chart, colour and
ink on paper 230 x
356 mm. Location:
Archives Nationales,
Paris (Marine 6JJ.
39.98).
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Remarks: In command of the
French ship St.
Jean Baptiste,
Jean François Marie
de Surville
(1717-70), heading
for Peru in December
1769, knew of
Tasman's discovery
of part of New
Zealand.
However, on 10
December, de
Surville and his
companions were
Baptiste was
twenty-nine leagues
inside New Zealand;
and 11 December,
seventy-four leagues
over the New Zealand
coastline.
Charts delineating
part of New
Zealand's west
coast, compiled by
Robert de Vaugondy,
a noted French
Cartographer of the
period, were
consulted by de
Surville and his
officers. After land
was finally sighted
south of Hokianga
Harbour on 12
December, the St.
Jean Baptiste
began a series of
manoeuvres aimed at
reaching the
northern point of
New Zealand.
De Surville
doubled the northern
tip of Aupouri
Peninsula from west
to east, on 17
December, at the
same time that James
Cook, in the
Endeavour, was
trying to round if
from east to west.
The chart portrays
part of the west,
north and east
coasts of northern
New Zealand and
off-shore islands;
de Surville prepared
the chart between 12
December 1769 and 1
January 1770 when he
left New Zealand.
The work includes
little information
to assist in
determining
authorship but it is
reasonable to credit
de Surville,
commander of the
expedition, as being
the author. The
legends in the chart
contain a
considerable amount
of navigational and
geographical
information.
In the chart
reproduced above ,
the bay delineated
in approximately 35o
39' S probably
represents Hokianga
Harbour. The bay
near A is possibly
Whangape Harbour;
the bay BC
represents Ahipara
Bay. E named “Cap
Surville” had
already been sighted
by Cook. K portrays
the entrance to
Mangonui Harbour; H
is the area of
present-day Coopers
Beach with the Oruru
River entrance shown
further north. The
area where the
Awapoko River
debouches into
Doubtless Bay, is
depicted in the
northwest corner of
the bay. The
references are
easier to follow if
de Surville's plan
of Doubtless Bay
(Plate 20) is
examined together
with the chart
opposite.
The figures shown
represent water
depth in brasses.
A similar
manuscript chart is
preserved in the
Bibliothéque
Nationale,
Départment des
Cartes et Plans,
Paris.
Bibliography:
Dunmore (1965 and
1969); B. Hooker
(1988); Maling
(1999).
Begg
and Begg,
James Cook and
New Zealand,
1969.
Continued in Part C
Plates 20 to 37 -
Page
BZS1
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