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PLAN / DE LA BAYE DE LAURISTON / Située à la Côte de la nouvelle Zelande par la Latitude Sud de 34º 58' et par la / Longitude de 160º 30' A l’orient du méridien de Paris, suivante le point de tous les officiers / qui se servoient de la carte de m’Belin. / decouverte le 17 Decembre 1769 par le Vaisseau le st Jean Baptiste commandé par M / de Surville, chevr de Lordre Ral et milre de [St.] Louis, Conseillier au Conseil Supérieur de / Pondichery, ancien Capitaine des Vaisseaux de la Compagnie des indies. / La mer marne dans cette Baye de 10 pieds dans les grandes marées et sa situation, les / jours de nouvelle et pleine Lune est de 5 heures. La Variation observé N.E. est 12º 40'. (Plan of Lauriston Bay situated on the coast of New Zealand in latitude 34º 58’ South and in longitude 167º 30' East of the Paris meridian, according to the readings taken by all the officers who were using Mr Bellin’s chart. Discovered on 17 December 1769 by the vessel le St Jean Baptiste, commanded by Mr de Surville, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Councillor of the Higher Council of Pondicherry, post-Captain of vessels of the Indies Company. The sea rises by 10 feet in this bay during the spring tides and during the spring tides and on days of the new and full moon, it occurs at five o’clock. NE variation observed at 12º 40'.)

Remarks: As we have just seen, Jean de Surville, only the third European navigator to reach New Zealand sighted the west coast on 12 December 1769. In command of the St. Jean Baptiste, de Surville rounded Northland and anchored in Doubtless Bay on 17 December. The visitors remained a fortnight before sailing east from New Zealand on 1 January 1770.

Of particular interest in the plan above is the depiction of de Surville’s three different anchorages. Drawn before France adopted the metric system, the chart includes figures indicating the water depth in brasses.

Legends in the chart provide a wealth of information concerning de Surville’s visit. In the plan, F represents the present-day Whatuwhiwhi area. I in the plan is the entrance of the Awapoko River; and K is the entrance of the Oruru River. L is the entrance to Mangonui Harbour.

Two other similar manuscript versions of the plan are known. A plan held in the archives at the Hydrographic Office, Taunton, served as the prototype for the work published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1781. Dalrymple received the plan through the French cartographer J. B. de Mannevillette; Dalrymple’s printed work later became an official British Admiralty chart and the first chart of a part of New Zealand to be published by the British Hydrographic Office (No. 1089). - (See the details and and illustration in Early Printed Charts of New New Zealand - go to the Contents and scroll down to British Hydrographic Charts - Chapter 4.

Bibliography: Dunmore (1965 and 1969); B.Hooker (1988 and 1990); Maling (1999); Spencer (1982).

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Section 4

Marion du Fresne
1772
Plate 21
Parts of the west and north of the North Island
Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne,
1772

Bibliothèque Nationale, Départment des Cartes et Plans, Paris.

(Port. 181 div. 9 Pièce 2).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

Parties terres de la nouvelle Zealande … … flute de Mascarin (Parts of the land of New Zealand charted from the Mascarin)

Undated, manuscript chart, uncoloured; ink and pencil on paper; 420 x 550 mm. Mercator’s projection. Prime meridian: Based on a line passing over Paris, viz, 2º 20' E of Greenwich. Location: Bibliothèque Nationale, Départment des Cartes et Plans, Paris (Port. 181 div. 9 Pièce 2).

Remarks: Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, in command of an expedition consisting of two flyboats, the Mascarin and the Marquis de Castries came in sight of Mount Egmont‑Taranaki on 25 March 1772.

Only Tasman, Cook and de Surville had preceded Marion to New Zealand. Marion sailed on the Mascarin and Ambroise Bernard Marie Le Jar Du Clesmeur (1751-92) commanded the consort.

This chart and the two charts that follow (Plates 22 and 23) provide some details of Dufresne's approach to and stay in New Zealand.

The chart depicts the track of the Mascarin from the vicinity of Taranaki to Tom Bowling Bay.

In Marion's chart (click on the thumbnail) Mount Egmont-Taranaki is named "le pique mascarin," but in du Clesmeur's chart (Plate 23) the name inscribed is "Pic Marion."

The ships anchored in Spirits Bay and boats were sent in to search for water. The anchorage in Spirits Bay is shown in the chart and the boats' track to the landing place is delineated.

Earlier the explorers had identified Three Kings Islands from Tasman's report but they failed to sight the waterfall described by Tasman.

The anchorage at Spirits Bay is shown and the boat's track to the landing place is delineated.

Bibliography: Dunmore (1965 and 1969); B. Hooker (1988, 1990a and 2002b); Kelly (1951); Ollivier and Hingley (1985); Maling (1999).

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Plate 22
Bay of Islands
Ambroise Bernard Marie Le Jar Du Clesmeur
1772

Bibliothèque Nationale, Département des Cartes et Plans, Paris

(Pf: 189:5:2D). The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

PLAN DU PORT MARION / Situé dans le Se de la Nouvelle Zélande par la latitude / Sud de 35º 16' 33" sait sur des relevements pris du vau Les Distances estimées et le reste de ce qu’on a pu voir dans / les differantes courses des Batteaux / la mer est á son plain les jours de nouvelles et plaine / Lúne a 5 heurs, elle marne de 7 Pieds / La Variation observée NE 13º 40' (Plan of Port Marion Situated in the S. E. of New Zealand, Latitude South 35º 16' 33” made on the bearings taken from the vessels. Distances were estimated and the remainder [done] from what one could see on the various trips of the boats. High tide is on the days of the new and full moon at 5 o’clock and it rises 7 feet. The Variation observed N.E. 13º 40'.)

Signed, undated, manuscript plan, pen and ink on paper 418 x 498 mm. Location: Bibliothèque Nationale, Département des Cartes et Plans, Paris (Pf: 189:5:2D).

Remarks: Marion du Fresne’s two flyboats, the Mascarin and the Marquis de Castries anchored in the Bay of Islands on 4 May 1772. A shore station was established on Moturua Island and two other camps were organised; then the explorers prepared for a lengthy stay. But on 12 June, Marion and a party of Frenchmen were ambushed and massacred by Maori, at Manawaora Bay.

The survivors, under the command of Julien Crozet left New Zealand on 14 July 1772.

The plan portrays the ships’ change of positions from their first anchorages (M & N) to anchorages inside the islands of Moturua and Motuarohia (O & P). Waipao Beach on Moturua Island where a shore station was established is identified by the legends “hospital” and “forges.”

Legends in the plan record considerable detail relating to Bay of Islands events during the French stay.

Marion’s expedition carried out the first survey of the Bay of Islands following Cook’s limited examination in late 1769. None of the names given to New Zealand features by Marion or his officers survive today.

Figures shown in the plan represent water depth in brasses.
A manuscript plan of the Bay of Islands, which derives from the plan opposite, or a similar plan, is preserved in the Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.

Bibliography: Dunmore (1965 and 1969); Kelly (1951); Maling (1999); Ollivier and Hingley (1985).

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Plate 23
Parts of the West, North and East Coasts of the North Island
Ambroise Bernard Marie Le Jar Du Clesmeur
1772

Bibliothèque Nationale, Départment des Cartes et Plans, Paris.

(Port. 189 div. 3 Pièce 3).

Partie due / Nord de La nouvelle / Zélande (Part of the north of New Zealand)

Signed, undated, manuscript chart, uncoloured; ink and pencil on paper; 453 x 265 mm. Mercator’s projection. Prime meridian: Based on a line passing over Paris, viz, 2º 20' E of Greenwich. Location: Bibliothèque Nationale, Départment des Cartes et Plans, Paris (Port. 189 div. 3 Pièce 3).

Remarks: The chart prepared by Ambroise Bernard Marie Le Jar Du Clesmeur (1751- 92), reproduced above, depicts the track of the Marquis de Castries from March to July 1772 and anchorages in Spirits Bay and the Bay of Islands. The large bay portrayed on the west coast represents Kaipara Harbour. The chart graphically illustrates the force of the gales encountered by the explorers off the New Zealand coast.

A note outside the chart’s border translates: “Drawn by me from my own course, Du Clesmeur.”

Figures shown beside the Marquis de Castries’ track represent water depth in brasses.

Several names given to features in the chart by Marion or his officers did not survive.

There are a number of puzzling aspects regarding the expedition’s reckoning of longitude. In present-day charts, the meridian of 174º E (of Greenwich, i.e. 171º 40' E of Paris), passes over Mount Egmont-Taranaki (named Pic Marion in Du Clesmeur’s chart opposite). Yet in Du Clesmeur’s chart and in most accounts of the voyage the longitude of the mountain is given as 160o – 161º E (of Paris). And in the Marquis de Castries “Navigational Journal” a note reads “According to the longitudes corrected at Diemensland, I have run ashore." [9]e. The background to the enormous error of around 10º is related to an error copied into many charts of the period.

A chart prepared on the Mascarin by Marion du Fresne is also preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris: and in this work, Mount Egmont-Taranaki is named “le pique Mascarin”.

Bibliography: Dunmore (1965 and 1969); B. Hooker (1988 and 1990); Kelly (1951); Maling (1999); Ollivier and Hingley (1985).

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Section 5

Malaspina 1793

Plate 24
Doubtful Sound
Don Felipe Bauzà
1793

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. (G54 on N.Z. fol 1).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

Nueva Zelanda / CROQUIS / del / PUERTO DUDOSO / por el Capitan Cook / Y DEL PENDULO POR EL CAP. MALASPINA / Reconocido en 25 de Febrero de 1793 / por / el Alferez de Navio DN Felipe Bauzà / con el bote de la Corbeta a Descubierta. / (New Zealand / sketch of Doubful Sound by Captain Cook and of the Pendulum via Cape Malaspina discovered on 25th February, 1793 by Ship's Ensign Don Felipe Bauzà (Mr. Philip Bauzà) with the boat from the corvette Discovery.)

Manuscript chart; copy of Bauzà's original 1793 work; ink and grey wash on paper; 265 x 255 mm. Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (G54 on N.Z. fol 1)

Remarks: This chart, on bluish tracing paper, is a copy made at an unknown date, of an original sketch by Don Felipe Bauzà, (1764 - 1834), chief navigator accompanying Alessandro Malaspina's expedition in 1793.

The chart depicts the track of Bauza's longboat when he made a reconnaissance of Doubtful Sound. Bauzà landed at the eastern end of the island he named "Isla de Bauzà ò de Mosquitos" where observations were carried out to determine latitude and longitude. He then continued up the sound for a short distance before returning to the Descubierta by the channel north of Bauza Island, making a short stop at Grono Bay.

Bauzà thought that the passage might communicate with Dusky Sound but he was unacquainted with Vancouver's successful survey, carried out in 1791. Writing in his journal in May 1773, James Cook suggested that there might be communication between Dusky and Doubtful Sounds, and Bauzà was no doubt familiar with Cook's comments published in 1777 in his account of the second Pacific voyage, 1772-75.

The lengthy note in the chart contains some tidal data and also general information on the area.

In the chart, longitude figures are shown reckoned from both Greenwich and Cadiz; Cadiz was one of several prime meridians used by Spanish cartographers and navigators in earlier times.

Bauzà's calculation, 166º 47' 30º E (from Greenwich), was an acceptable figure for the period; in modern charts the meridian of 166º 51' E passes over the entrance to Doubtful Sound.

Many of the names included in Bauzà's sketch appear in present-day charts of the area.

The British Admiralty made use of Bauzà's work when the Hydrographic Office published it as a section of a chart in 1840 (No. 1281). The chart reproduced opposite no doubt served as the engraver's prototype.

Bauzà succeeded to the directorship of the Spanish Hydrographic Office in 1815 but spent the last eleven years of his life in London where he died in 1834.

Bibliography: McNab (1907); Maling (1999).

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Section 6

A. J. R. Bruni d’Entrecasteaux 1793

Plate 25
Northern coast of Aupouri Peninsula and Three Kings Islands
Miroir de Jouvency
1793

Location: Archives Nationales, Paris. (Marine 6 JJ3.36).

.The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

In pencil) Carte Réduite / de la Partie N de la Nlle Zeelande / Construite Sur les observations astronomiques de M Pierson et les relevement faits par le S Jouvency à bord de la frégate Lesperance le 11 et 12 Mars 1790 [in ink over above legend:] Conform á l’ Original / délivré Le 11 avril 1793 / Jouvency (Reduced chart of the North Part of New Zealand. Constructed from Mr Pierson’s astronomical observations and from bearings taken by Mr Jouvency on board the frigate the Esperance on the 11 and 12 March 1790. In accordance with the original, delivered on the 11 April 1793, Jouvency.)

Signed, dated, uncoloured manuscript chart, pen and ink on paper 222 x 356 mm. Location: Archives Nationales, Paris (Marine 6 JJ3.36).

Remarks: On 11 March 1793, the two frigates of the d’Entrecasteaux expedition, Esperance and Recherche, passed close to the northern tip of New Zealand, but no attempt was made to land. Maori canoes came out and traded with the explorers. The west-to-east passage took the ships close to the Three Kings group, and close enough to Aupouri Peninsula for the hydrographers of the expedition to chart the northern coast. D’Entrecasteaux’s instructions included checking Cook’s reckoning of the longitude of Cape Maria van Diemen.

The chart which includes the track of the two frigates was drawn by Miroir de Jouvency, hydrographer on the Espérance.

Longitude was calculated by officers on both frigates with the assistance of chronometers and by dead-reckoning. In the vicinity of New Zealand, officers on the Espérance exchanged information with Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré, and others on the Recherche. A legend in the chart refers to longitude of 26o East.

Apparently d'Entracasteaux determined a base meridian at Adventure Bay, Tasmania and de Jouvency's reckoning of 26o East near North Cape is the calculation made from Adventure Bay.

Similar charts of northern New Zealand now preserved in the Archives Nationales, Paris, were prepared by Beautemps-Beaupré, the hydrographer accompanying d’Entrecasteaux on the Recherche.

Bibliography: Dunmore (1965 and 1969); B. Hooker (1988); Maling (1999); Ollivier and Hingley (1986).

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Plate 26

Kermadec Islands

Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré

1793

Archives Nationales, Paris. (Marine 6 JJ piece 37)

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

CARTE / DE L'ILE /Reconnue Sar M.d'Entrecasteaux / contre Amiral de 17 Mar / 1793 … … Beautemps-Baupré

Signed, dated, uncoloured manuscript chart; pen and ink on paper. Prime meridian: Based on a line passing over Paris. (viz, 2º 20' E of Greenwich). Location: Archives Nationales, Paris (Marine 6 JJ piece 37).

Remarks: We have just seen that d'Entrecasteaux's expedition left the vicinity of New Zealand on 11 March 1793 (Plate 25). The Recherche and the Espérance headed northeast.

On 15 March, in the late afternoon an uncharted rock was seen and named Rocer de l'Espérance. On the next day at daybreak another much large island appeared and was identified as Curtis Island; soon after Macauley Island was seen. Both islands had ben discovered in 1788 by Watts and Sever in the Lady Penrhyn.

On the evening of the 16th a further island was seen by Joseph Raoul the pilot of the Recherche. It was named Raoul Island and the group as a whole was called Kermadec Islands after Huon Kermadec, commander of the Espérance.

The chart reproduced is an early draft prepared by the famous French hydrographer Charles‑François Beautemps-Beaupré (1766-1854). Only twenty-seven at the time he accompanied d'Entrecasteaux's expedition, Beautemps-Beaupre later became one of the nineteenth century's most distinguished marine surveyors. His contemporaries honoured him with the title "father of hydrography."

It is obvious that at the time Beautemps-Beaupré prepared this early sketch the name Kermadec Islands had not been settled on.

The chart includes a number of preliminary drawings of coastal profiles of the various islands.

The track of the Recherche is delineated.

This work together with other manuscripts served as models when a copper plate was engraved and charts printed (No. 17) to accompany the atlas volume in the official account of d'Entrecasteaux's expediton. (Paris, 1808).

Bibliography: Dunmore (1965 and 1969); B. Hooker (1988).

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Section 7

Waterhouse 1800

Plate 27
Antipodes Islands
Henry Waterhouse
1800

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. (MSFLI / 15 / 9).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

Isle Pentantipode / Discovered by H.M.S. Reliance / Hy. Waterhouse Esqr. commander / March 25 th 1800

C. 1:150,000. Dated manuscript chart with Waterhouse's name, uncoloured; pen and ink on paper 245 x 185 mm. Location: National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. (MSFLI / 15 / 9).

Remarks: As noted in the title of this chart Henry Waterhouse discovered the Antipodes Islands on 25 March 1800.

Waterhouses's chart includes the track of the Reliance.

The chart was prepared by Mathew Flinders or his brother Samuel both of whom were on the Reliance.

The note under the title explains: "By some uncertain observations, the south end is in Latitude 49o 49 ½' south – Longitude 179o 20' east."

An extract from Waterhouse's journal for 26 March 1800 follows:


	Latd. in South 49º 51' Longd. in East 180º 5' Strong gales and squally, handed the Fore Topsail. A. M. at 2 discovered land on our lee beam about 2 miles distant, hauled to the wind and stood off, at day break wore and stood in for the land, which proved to be a desolate, Mountainous, and barren Island, scarce any verdue to be seen upon it, at 5 running along the eastern coast of the Island, at 8 bore up and stood on our course the Eastern extremity of the land S. b. W. to S.W. b. W. distant from a small Island at the N.E. end of the large one, 3 miles, at 9 the small Island bore W.b.S. distant 3 leagues.[10]

Waterhouse's reckonings were reasonable for the period; the New Zealand Pilot provides the following position for the islands: 49º 41'S; 178º 50' E.

Antipodes Islands consist of one island and several islets, extending about seven miles in a north‑northeasterly and south-southwesterly direction; they are uninhabited.

Bibliography: New Zealand Pilot (1971); McNab (1907); Sharp (1960).

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Section 8

Wilson

1801

Plate 28
Hauraki Gulf and Coromandel Peninsula
William Wilson
1801

Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library must be obtained before any re-use of this image.

(832.15.aj.1801, Ace. 538).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

CHART / OF THE / RIVER THAMES / IN / NEW ZEALAND / By Wm Wilson 1801. // Signed, dated, uncoloured manuscript chart; copy of Wilson's original plan made at an unknown date; pen and ink on paper 410 x 610 mm. 1: 476,190. Location: Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (832.15.aj.1801, Ace. 538).

Remarks: William Wilson, in command of the Honourable East India Company's Ship Royal Admiral visited the Hauraki Gulf in April, May and June 1801 to load timber. Wilson's journal, now preserved in the British Library, includes interesting details of his stay in New Zealand waters.

The chart reproduced with north to the left, portrays the state of knowledge of the Hauraki Gulf and Coromandel areas in 1801. Since the paper is watermarked, 1823, this must be a copy of Wilson's original work. As well as the track of the Royal Admiral, the chart shows the track of Cook's Endeavour in 1769.

Wilson made no attempt to inspect the western side of the Hauraki Gulf or to approach any of the channels that lead to the Waitemata Harbour. But he closely examined the eastern side of Waiheke and Ponui Islands. Notice the legend south of Point Rodney "appearance of a harbour;" "Middle Point" probably represents Whangaparaoa Peninsula.

In the chart, the main legends relate primarily to timber. Some Maori pa and villages are also indicated. Wilson includes Cook's note of the longitude near the mouth of the Purangi River at Cook's Beach, Mercury Bay – 184º 6' (West from Greenwich, viz, 175º 54' E.) Modern maps place the river at 175º 45 ½' E.

Figures shown represent water depth in fathoms.

Several pa and groves of trees are shown on the banks of the Waihou River and a legend explains how to obtain the best spars.

Bibliography: Maling (1999); Ross (1969)

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Section 9

O. F. Smith

1804

Plate 29
Foveaux Strait
Owen Folgar Smith
1804

Location: Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (835aj/1806/Acc. 92).

Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library must be obtained before any re-use of this image.

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

SKETCH / of a Strait dividing the Southern Island of NEW / ZEALAND with the Harbours on the Southernmost / Island, discovered and examined by Mr. O. F. Smith, an / American when searching for Seals in 1804. Comunica- / ted by him to Captn. P.G. King, Govr. of N.S. Wales March / -1806-

Unsigned, dated, copy of a manuscript chart; north is to the right; uncoloured; pen and ink on paper; 302 x 440 mm. Mercator's projection. Prime meridian: based on a line passing over Greenwich. Location: Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (835aj/1806/Acc. 92)

Remarks: The sketch illustrated above, with north to the right, is a copy of a lost original, drawn by Owen Folgar Smith in 1804. It was received at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington in 1931, from the Surveyor-General of New South Wales.

Smith, an American who traversed Foveaux Strait in 1804 while searching for seals, handed his chart to Governor King of New South Wales, in 1806. The chart remained unknown from that time until 1931.

The strait was named after Lieutenant-Governor Joseph Foveaux of New South Wales who held this position in 1808-09.

The "References and Remarks" inscribed in the chart follow:

A. The whale boat went no further, a swell from the ocean set through the strait. The ebb tide runs at the rate of 5' to the westward which it also does round the So. Cape.

+ On these stations Mr Smith took meridian altitudes. The land round Port Honduras is of moderate height much fresh water and the soil apparently good.

B. Mr Smith speaks very highly of the excellence of the harbour and the country about it. From A the mountains over Dusky Bay were distinctly seen across the strait to the S.W.

Smith's "Port Honduras" is present-day Port Adventure; and "Port South" is an earlier name for Port Pegasus.

Although Smith deserves to be credited as the chart's author, the legends suggest that a draughtsman compiled the chart under Smith's Supervision. Little is known about Smith but Basil Howard, in his book, Rakiura, traces some of his movements around 1804.

Bibliography: Howard (1940); McClymont (1959); McNab (1907); Maling (1999); Ross (1969).

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Section 10

Bunker

1809

Plate 30
Parts of Southern New Zealand
Eber Bunker
1809

Courtesy State Library of New South Wales. (ZM298.42/ 1809/1).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

South End of New Zealand [rule] + Lat. 47º. 10' So. - Lon. 167º. 25' E. [rule] by Capt. E. Bunker. - ship Pegasus

Signed, undated manuscript chart; pen and ink and wash on paper watermarked 1817; 320 x 400 mm. Location: Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W. (ZM298.42/ 1809/1)

Remarks: Eber Bunker (1761-1836),the son of a Nantucket whaling captain, came to the South Seas from Britain at the end of the 18th century. His whaler Albion operated out of Sydney, and in 1803 transported settlement parties to Tasmania.

Bunker first visited New Zealand when he called at Doubtless Bay in the whaling ship William and Ann, in 1792. This was before he commanded the Albion.

The chart reproduced here, is an early copy of a sketch prepared by Bunker, when he brought the sealer Pegasus to Foveaux Strait in 1809. There is no indication in the chart that Bunker visited present-day Bluff Harbour, but there is every likelihood that the harbour entrance was known to Bunker and other sealing captains.

This is not an accurately-drawn chart but it was no doubt a very useful aid to early nineteenth-century navigators. Bunker's marked position, reckoned at latitude 47º 20' S and longitude 167º 25' E, places his coastlines too far west.

Jules de Blosseville, who accompanied Duperrey's expedition to New Zealand in 1824, was probably referring to Bunker's chart in his 1826 publication on New Zealand, when he mentioned "a carelessly-drawn sketch-chart."

Solander Island, enlarged and misplaced in Bunker's chart was an important seal hunting area in the early years of the nineteenth century.

Several legends in the chart refer to seals.

Bunker's name is honoured today in Bunker Islets, northwest of Bench Island, Foveaux Strait.

After many years sealing and whaling in the southwest Pacific, Bunker settled in New South Wales. The Eber Bunker Maritime Collection in the State Library of Queensland is named after Bunker who became known as the "father of Australian whaling".

Bibliography: de Blosseville (1826); McNab (1907); Maling (1999).

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Section 11

Hasselberg

1810

Plate 31

Frederick Hasselberg
Campbell Island
1810

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO.(a 31 Pacific folio 7).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

CAMPBELL ISLAND / Discovered by Mr Fredk Hazelburgh of the brig Perseverance belonging to / Mr Robert Campbell of Sydney New South Wales 1810/ Latde 52º 32' / Longde 169º 30'

Copy of a plan (copied from a manuscript [communicated?] by Mr George Birnie [?] [1850?], unsigned, uncoloured, pen and ink on paper. Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (a 31 Pacific folio 7)

Remarks: The chart of Campbell Island, reproduced above, is a copy made some years after the island was found.

Frederick Hasselberg who discovered Campbell Island in late 1809 or early 1810 supplied navigational information to J. W. Norie, the London chart publisher and to the British Hydrographer.

The figures given in the plan are quite accurate; the New Zealand Pilot gives the position as 52º 32' S; 169º 10' E. However it is not certain that the figures given in the plan were provided by Hasselberg; it is possible that they originated from Captain Smith of the American whaling vessel Aurora who proceeded to Campbell Island immediately after the return of the Perseverance to New South Wales and receiving details of the discovery.

Frederick Hasselberg who discovered Campbell Island in late 1809 or early 1810 supplied navigational information to J. W. Norie, the London chart publisher and to the British Hydrographer.

Campbell Island is situated 700 km south of New Zealand; it is a large sub-Antarctic island and is about 30 miles in circumference.

Hasselberg's name is commemorated in the Hazelburgh Group in Foveaux Strait.

Hasselberg named the island after the head of the firm he worked for.

The first description of the island published for mariners was in the Oriental Navigator in 1816. The earliest printed chart was published by Thomas Hurd, R.N., Hydrographer to the Admiralty, in 1823. This map was also sold by James Wyld the London chart publisher.

NB. The name appears in different references in various forms including Hazelburgh and Hasselborough. McNab comments that the most likely correct spelling is Hasselberg.

Bibliography: McNab (1907); New Zealand Pilot (1971); Sharp (1960).

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Section 12

Murray

1813

Plate 32

Bluff Harbour
Robert Williams

1813

Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library must be obtained before any re-use of this image..

(835 AT / (1813) / Ace. 425).

PORT MACQUARIE

Unsigned, undated manuscript plan; copy of Williams' original sketch; 530x730 mm. Location: Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (835 AT / (1813) / Ace. 425).

Remarks: During a visit to the Foveaux Strait region, around early May 1823, the brig Perseverance, under the command of Robert Murray, entered "Port Macquarie," now known as Bluff Harbour.

The Perseverance was owned by the Sydney firm of Birnie, Hook and Gordon. Accompanying Murray was Robert Williams who sketched a plan of "Port Macquarie."

The plan reproduced (click on the thumbnail) is a copy, made at an unknown date, of Williams' original sketch.

Williams was a convict in the penal settlement at Port Jackson and a rope maker by trade; he was released by Governor Macquarie in order to sail to southern New Zealand with Murray.

After returning to Sydney, Williams compiled a report dated September

1813, in which he mentions that he drew a chart or a view of Port Macquarie.

That this was not the first visit to "Port Macquarie" by Europeans is evident from Williams' report which discloses that he knew of the existence of the inlet before he investigated the area with Murray. The southern coasts had previously been frequented by sealing vessels. The note lower right is repeated below:


		….. Boats track -.-.-. Track on shore in company ….. R. William's track alone ### Hemp === An almost impenetrable brush ==== Low water mark D. High mountains visible from Port / Williams distant 25 miles A. Hard sandy bottom navigable for / small boats at high water B. Channel for boats at low water

Bibliography: Howard (1940); Maling (1999).

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Section 13

Skinner
1820

Plate 33
North Island east coast coast from Doubtless Bay to Cape Brett
George Fairfowl (attributed)
1820

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. (A895 on NZ fol 1).

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

SKETCH / of / the coast of NEW ZEALAND / from Doubtless-bay / to / CAPE BRETT Approx. 1: 415,000 in 35º S.

Unsigned, undated manuscript chart; uncoloured; pen and ink on paper 265 x 325 mm. Mercator’s projection. Prime meridian: Based on a line passing over Greenwich. Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (A895 on NZ fol 1).

Remarks: Little is known about George Fairfowl R.N., the author of this chart. A surgeon, he had served for some years in the Royal Navy and sailed from England to Tasmania on various convict ships including HMS Dromedary.

The sketch above was prepared during the first survey of this east coast area following Cook’s original running survey in 1769. Richard Skinner, in command of the Dromedary, explored the coastal area in search of kauri spars.

The Dromedary had sailed from England in 1819 with over three hundred convicts, bound for Tasmania. After leaving Tasmania, Skinner sailed to Sydney where the Rev. Samuel Marsden, chaplain to the penal settlement, took passage to the Bay of Islands; Marsden had earlier established a mission at the bay.

The Dromedary sailed in company with the New South Wales government schooner, Prince Regent, and arrived at the Bay of Islands on 27 February 1820.

Skinner sailed north from the Bay of Islands on two separate explorations in 1820; the chart resulted from the second voyage.

The carefully calculated tidal data (inserted at the Bay of Islands), and a number of other features in the chart indicate that the work was prepared by an experienced surveyor. Probably Skinner played a major role in compiling the chart.

Some of the features and legends of particular interest are: a partial survey of Whangaroa Harbour indicated; the missionary settlement at Kerikeri marked; the Kawakawa River named “Cowa Cowa" [Kauri Kauri] River; several Maori pa and villages marked.

Fairfowl also prepared an interesting plan of Whangaroa Harbour.

NB. The spelling of Fairfowl varies between different references but the rendering given here is the correct one.

Bibliography: Maling (1999); Ross (1969).

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Section 14

J. R. Kent

1820-1824

Plate 34
Entrance to Hokianga Harbour
John Rodolphus Kent
1820 or 1823

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. (View folio 6c, p. 39).

The outer border is an addition by the editor.

Appearance of Jokee Anga Harbour, West Coast of New Zealand. / first entered in His Majesty's Colonial Schooner Prince Regent in August 1820 / J. R. Kent Commander. (Plate 34 above)

Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (View folio 6c, p. 39). Signed, undated, monochrome wash on paper; 170 x 326 mm.

Plate 35

Appearance of the Land of Cape Palliser, east entrance of Cook's Straits / The Cape bearing NE 12 miles
John Rodolphus Kent
1824

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. (View folio p.53 "3a" and p. 53 "3b").

The double outer border is an addition by the editor.

Signed, uncoloured sketch, pen and ink on paper, 168 x 700 mm. Location; Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset. (View folio 6 c, p 29/3).

Plate 36

View of West Cape and View of Codfish Island
John Rodolphus Kent
1824

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO (View folio p.53 "3a" and p. 53 "3b").

The outer border is an addition by the editor..

(left:) Appearance of the West Cape of New Zealand / Bearing SEBS 10 miles (right:) appearance of Codfish island New Zealand Bearing East 122 miles

Signed uncoloured sketches, pen and ink on paper; 107 x 195 mm and 107 x 206 mm. Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (View folio p.53 "3a" and p. 53 "3b").

Remarks: [The following notes for Plates 34, 35, and 36 have been combined for easier reference and understanding of Kent's movements.]

An entry in An Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966) reads: "No ship's captain better knew the New Zealand coasts in the 1820s and early 1830s, or was better known on these coasts, than John Rodolphus Kent." XrefX Without question Kent (c.1772-1837) was the most competent marine surveyor of the 1820s and 1830s apart from those attached to official British and French expeditions.

Unfortunately, no survey-charts prepared by Kent have survived but a number of his coastal views are preserved in the Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset.Nothing is known about Kent's training or early career. Brief details concerning his visits to New Zealand are provided in reports and shipping news published in Hobart and Sydney newspapers in the 1820s and 1830s. Although the legend in the drawing (See Plate 34 above) notes that Kent first entered Hokianga Harbour in August 1820 it is not certain that he prepared this view at that time. On this voyage, he was in command of the colonial schooner Prince Regent. Since he visited Hokianga Harbour again in the colonial brig Elizabeth Henrietta from 13 November 1823 until 1 January 1824, it is quite possible that this drawing was done on his second visit. In any case Kent deserves to be credited as the first European to take a vessel into the harbour. Kent made two visits to New Zealand in 1820 when he was in command of the New South Wales government schooner Prince Regent. During his first New Zealand visit, from February to June 1820, Kent became the first European to take a vessel into Hokianga Harbour. In company with HMS Dromedary, commanded by Richard Skinner, Kent doubled North Cape after sailing from the Bay of Islands. The Dromedary being a larger ship, Skinner thought it prudent not to follow Kent into the Hokianga under the unfavourable weather conditions. Kent's voyage to the Hauraki Gulf and Coromandel Peninsula in August-September 1820 is documented by Richard Alexander Cruise who had been in charge of a military detachment sent to New Zealand on the Dromedary. Cruise accompanied Kent on the Prince Regent as a passenger. Curiously he failed to record details concerning Kent's August 1820 survey of the Waitemata Harbour. It has only recently been realized that a plan attributed to James Herd, and published in 1838 by John William Norie, in fact derives from Kent's lost survey-chart. Kent's next voyage to New Zealand waters is known from his journal preserved in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. In command of His Majesty's cutter Mermaid, Kent sailed from Port Jackson on 8 May 1823. During this voyage to southern New Zealand, Kent investigated a number of areas in the southern part of the South Island, Stewart Island and islands in the Foveaux Strait region.

That Kent sketched a number of South Island coastal views in 1823 is confirmed in the following extract from a report published in the Sydney Gazette on 21 August 1823:


		The Mermaid brings hither a cargo of flax of New Zealand. Mr. Kent has been at considerable pains in taking views, and more correctly laying down the coast.

A series of ten coastal views, almost certainly sketched by Kent during the Mermaid's 1823 voyage, is preserved in the archives at the Hydrographic Department, Taunton, Somerset. The works are on four sheets of which two are signed by Kent. These sketches are mostly uncatalogued and none is dated or contain information associating them with a vessel.

On 6 November 1823 Kent again sailed for New Zealand, this time in command of the colonial brig Elizabeth Henrietta.

According to C. W. Vennell's "Kent Chronology 1820-1837", Kent arrived at Hokianga on 13 November, then on 1 January he headed south off the west coast to Taranaki. Some details of this voyage are provided in the 1880 reminiscences of a crew member, John Marmon.

Kent traversed Cook Strait, steered south, called at Banks Peninsula and then headed for Foveaux Strait. On 25 February 1824, during a gale, the Elizabeth Henrietta was driven ashore on Ruapuke Island, Foveaux Strait. Refloating the vessel was a drawn-out undertaking involving HMS Tees and later the Mermaid, dispatched from Sydney to assist.

While the salvage operation was taking place, the Mermaid arrived. Kent spent fourteen weeks in the Mermaid, probably mainly engaged in collecting flax plants. During the voyage south in the Elizabeth Henrietta he had left containers at the Taranaki coast and other places for Maori to fill with flax. Kent returned to Port Jackson in the Mermaid via the Bay of Islands, in March 1825.

Six coastal views which correspond closely to places visited on the first part of Kent's voyage in the Elizabeth Henrietta, are preserved in the archives at Taunton, England. All the works are signed and titled but none contains data that might assist in determining a date or the name of a vessel.

Kent made a number of further voyages to New Zealand before settling at Kawhia.

Kent died at Kahawai, on the Manukau Harbour, in 1837, and was buried at Te Toro at the mouth of the Waiuku Channel.

The British Admiralty apparently made no use of Kent's charts or coastal profiles. William E. Parry held the position of Hydrographer of the Navy from 1823 to 1829 and Francis Beaufort followed Parry, from 1829 to 1855. Both hydrographers seem to have preferred to rely on Royal Navy officers rather than on colonial mariners for survey data. An alternative explanation could be that Kent's sketches were held at Sydney and did not reach London until a considerably later date.

The Hokianga view (Plate 34), almost certainly sketched in November or December 1823 from the Elizabeth Henrietta, includes a legend referring to Kent's pioneer visit in the Prince Regent in 1820. If Kent did not sketch the Cook Strait area views in early 1824 during his voyage south in the Elizabeth Henrietta, it is probable that the drawings were done when he sailed north in the Mermaid from the scene of the beached Elizabeth Henrietta, in the middle of 1824. It was on this voyage that Marmon recalled a visit to Port Nicholson.

Kent's sketch of the coastal area west from Cape Palliser, includes nothing that helps an enquiry into a Port Nicholson visit.

Whether or not Kent sailed as far as Kapiti Island (Entry Island) is not known, but if he collected flax containers from the Taranaki coast the Mermaid is most likely to have passed Kapiti Island.

If Kent did not sketch the Cook Strait area views in early 1824 during his voyage south in the Elizabeth Henrietta, it is probable that the drawings were done when he sailed north in the Mermaid from the scene of the beached Elizabeth Henrietta, in the middle of 1824. It was on this voyage that Marmon recalled a visit to Port Nicholson.

Bibliography: Cruise (1823); B. Hooker (1990b); Marmon (1880); Ross (1969 and 1977); Vennell (1962).

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Section 15

Downie

1821

Plate 37

Hauraki Gulf
James Downie
1821

Reproduced with kind permission of UKHO. (A515 on Xu).

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A / SKETCH / of the / RIVER THAMES / in / NEW ZEALAND; / Showing / The / COAST EXPLORED / In H.M.S.S. Coromandel. / By J. Downie Junr 1: 461,538.

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Signed, dated, uncoloured manuscript chart; pen and ink on paper; 510 x 485 mm. Projection: Plane. Prime meridian: Based on a line passing over Greenwich. Location: Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Somerset (A515 on Xu).

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Remarks: In May 1820, James Downie, in search of kauri spars, brought the sloop HM Store-Ship Coromandel, south from the Bay of Islands to the west coast of the peninsula that now bears the ship's name. Samuel Marsden accompanied Downie on the voyage south.

On 24 July, Thomas Anderson, second mate of the Coromandel, informed Marsden that he intended the following day to cross the Hauraki Gulf to its western side in the Coromandel's launch to look for spars. Marsden intended visiting Kaipara and he decided to accompany Anderson on this pioneer exploration of the Waitemata Harbour; Marsden's journal, edited by Elder, provides some details of the voyage.

In Downie's chart, soundings shown in Tamaki Strait, Sandspit Strait and Waiheke Channel no doubt derive from surveys made from the Coromandel's boat. However, if Anderson produced a sketch of the Waitemata Harbour or its approaches it is unknown today. Downie's chart, which delineates coastlines in general about 12' too far east, includes a considerable amount of data of general interest.

A few points worth noticing are: the track of the Coromandel depicted, from June 1820 to May 1821. (Downie reached Coromandel Harbour on 12 June 1820); a survey of "Kaiaho" (Mahurangi) Harbour indicated; hot springs marked at Waiwera; the entrance to the Waitemata Harbour delineated and named "R. [i.e River] Wytematta;" several references to "Cowdie." (kauri)

That Downie understood part of the Maori water communications network in the greater Te Tamakimakaurau area is confirmed by details in the lower legend in his chart.

A number of Maori names are recorded for the first time.

Downie's legend beside the river named "R. Aunga mattow" (Tamaki River) suggests that it is a good place to obtain refreshments.

That Downie understood part of the Maori water communications network in the greater Te Tamakimakaurau area is confirmed by details in the lower legend in his chart.

A number of Maori names are recorded for the first time.

Downie's legend beside the river named "R. Aunga mattow" (Tamaki River) suggests that it is a good place to obtain refreshments.

West of Tamaki River, Maungarei (Mount Wellington) is depicted, as also is Lake Waiatarua. Magoyia Village is shown slightly inland; and the un-named village on the banks of the Tamaki River represents Mauinaina. In a note under the title, Downie explains that names given by Cook are shown underlined.

Figures in the chart denote the depth of water in fathoms.

Bibliography: Elder (1932); B. Hooker (1991 and 1997); Maling (1999).

Continued in Part D - Page BZT1 - To continue click HERE.

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